Filyushkin, A. Livonian War in the context of the Eastern-European Wars of the 16th century

Modified Date
Published Date:
Title of the article Livonian War in the context of the Eastern-European Wars of the 16th century
Authors Filyushkin, Aleksander Iliich– Doctor of History, Head of the Department of Slavic and Balkan Studies of St.-Peterburg state University, University embankment, 7/9, 199034, St-Petersburg, Russia, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., OrcID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-7514, Scopus ID 55336577600, Researcher ID F-9139-2013, SPIN-код 1117-2468, AuthorID 202961
In the section Commentarii / Articles
Year 2014 Issue 1 Pages 47-64
Type of article RAR Index UDK 94(47).043 Index BBK 63.3(2)43
Abstract Regarding the development of warfare, the Livonian War was multifaceted for the participating countries. It was the interaction of multiple variations of warfare. It was a combination of major conquest wars and local conflicts; a combination of archaic medieval warfare tactics with modern tactics of mercenary armies of the period which began with “the military revolution”. In tactical terms, it was a combination of a war around strongholds (fortresses) and campaigns and raids. Livonian War was quite traditional. But on the other hand, Livonian war had direct relation with the first steps of the «military revolution» in Russia. It’s influence to the development of the Russian (and not only Russian!) warfare wasn’t so ostensible for contemporaries, but crucial in the long run. The necessity of the development of the bastion system in the Russian fortifications became obvious, and so it started to be actively used in the North-West of Russia. The European participants of war became very much aware of the dominance of the mercenary soldier over the nobleman militia on a battlefield. The inextricable link between the military actions and politics in the affiliated lands became much more apparent. It became clear that the models based on earlier historical experience in the new socio-economic and political contexts were not always effective. The Livonian War brought many new experiences (first Russian conquest of a European urbanized state, first experience of the evacuation of troops out of a foreign country, etc.). This experience would be taken into account.
Keywords Livonian War, Ivan the Terrible, military revolution
Full text version of the article. Article language English
Bibliography
  • Adamson, Andres. Liivimaa kuningriik [Livonian Kingdom]. Tallinn: Argo Kirjastus Publ., 2013. 248 p. (in Estonian.)

    Alekseev, Iurii Georgievich. Pokhody russkikh voysk pri Ivane III [Marches of the Russian troops during the reign of Ivan III]. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg university Publ., 2007. 462 p. (in Russian.)

    Angermann, Norbert. Studien zur Livländpolitik Ivan Groznyj’s [Studies the policy of Ivan the Terrible in Livonia]. Marburg: Lahn, J.G. Herder-Institut Publ., 1972. 134 p. (in German.)

    Angermann, Norbert; Misāns Ilgvars. Wolter von Plettenberg und das mittelalterliche Livland [Walter Plettenberg and Medieval Livonia]. Lüneburg: Verlag Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk Publ., 2001. 133 p. (in German.)

    Arbuzov, Leonid Aleksandrovich. Ocherk istorii Lifliandii, Estliandii i Kurliandii [Issue of the history of Lifland, Estland and Kurland]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha Publ., 1912. 296 p. (in Russian.)

    Arnold, Udo. Livland als Glied des Deutschen Ordens in der Epoche Wolters von Plettenberg [Livonia as a member of Teutonic Order during the epoch of Walter Plettenberg], in Angermann, Norbert (ed.). Wolter von Plettenberg: der grösste Ordensmeister Livlands. Lüneburg: Verlag Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk Publ., 1985. Pp. 23–45 (in German.)

    Bessudnova, Marina Borisovna. «Russkaya ugroza» v livonskoy ordenskoy dokumentatsii 80-kh i nachala 90-kh godov XV v. [«Russian threat» in the documents of Livonian Order in the 1480s–1490s, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2014. № 1. Pp. 144–155. (in Russian.)

    Bodniak, Stanisław. Polska a Bałtyk za ostatniego Jagiellona [Poland and Baltic Sea in reign of the last Jagellon] Kórnik: Nakładem Fundacji Zakłady Publ., 1946. 246 p. (in Polish.)

    Busse, Karl. Herzog Magnus von Holstein und sein livländisches Königthum. Auszüge aus gleichzeitigen Actenstücke [Duke Magnus Holstein and his Livonian Kingdom. Fragments from simultaneous documents], in Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands. 1857. Bd VIII. Pp. 240–301 (in German.)

    Cemushaw, Viktor. «Vajna pad chas miru». Pershaja pamezhnaja vajna VKL z Maskvoju (1486–1494) [A War in time of peace. The First War at the border between Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy, 1486–1494], in Belaruski gistarychny agljad. 2008. T. 15. Vol. 1–2 (28–29). Pp. 5–48 (in Byelorussian.)

    Donnert, Erich. Der Livändische Ordenstritterstaat und Russland. Der Livändische Krieg und die baltische Frage in der europäischen Politik 15581583 [Livonian order and Russia. Livinian War and Baltic Question in the European Policy in 15581583]. Berlin: Rütten & Loening Publ., 1963. 320 p. (in German.)

    Filyushkin, Aleksandr Ilyich. Izobretaya pervuyu voynu Rossii i Evropy: Baltiyskie voyny vtoroy poloviny XVI veka glazami sovremennikov i potomkov [Making the First War between Russia and Europe. Baltic Wars of the second half of the 16th century by the eyes of contemporaries and descendants]. Saint-Petersburg: «Dmitrii Bulanin» Publ., 2013. 880 p. (in Russian.)

    Filyushkin, Aleksandr Ilyich. Politicheskaya praktika moskovskikh vlastei v Livonii v pervye gody Livonskoi voiny (novye dokumenty) [Political practice of the Moscow Authorities in Livonia in the first years of Livonian War (new documents)], in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2008. № 1. P. 77–88 (in Russian.)

    Florya, Boris Nikolaevich. Ivan Groznyi [Ivan the Terrible]. Moscow: «Molodaya gvardiya» Publ., 1999. 401 p. (in Russian.)

    Forsten, Georgii Vasilyevich. Baltiyskii vopros v XVI i XVII stoletiyakh (1544–1648). T. I: Bor’ba iz-za Livonii [Baltic Question in the 16th – 17th centuries. T. I: Struggle for Livonia]. Saint-Petersburg: Tipografiia V. S. Balasheva i Ko Publ., 1893. 733 p. (in Russian.)

    Frost, Robert. The Northern Wars: War, State and Northeastern Europe: 1558–1721. Edinburg: Pearson Education Publ., 2000. 401 p.

    Hübner, Eckhard. Zwischen allen Fronten. Magnus von Holstein als König von Livland [Between all fronts. Magnus Holstein as a King of Livonia], in Zwischen Christianisierung und Europäisierung. Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas in Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit. Stuttgart: F. Steiner Publ., 1998. Pp. 313–333 (in German.)

    Yanushkevich, Andrey Nikolaevich. Livonskayia voyna 1558–1570 gg. i Velikoe knyazhestvo Litovskoe [Livonian War 1558–1570 and Grand Duchy of Lithuania]. Minsk: «Medisont» Publ., 2013. 362 p. (in Russian.)

    Kampfer, Frank. Die Eroberung von Kazan 1552 als Gegenstand der zeitgenossischen rusischen historiographie [The Conquest of Kazan’ in 1552 as a subject of modern Russian national historioraphy], in Forschungen zur osteuropaischen Geschichte. 1969. Bd 14. Pp. 7–161. (in German.)

    Karwowski, Stanisław. Wcielenie Inflant do Liwy i Polski: 1558–1561. roku [Incorporation of Livonia to Lithuania and Poland, 1558-1561]. Poznań: Czcionkami T. H. Daszkiewicza, 1873. 111 p. (in Polish).

    Kazakova, Natal’ia Aleksandrovna. Russko-livonskie i russko-ganzeiskie otnosheniia. Konets XIV – nachalo XVI v. [Russian-Livonian and Russain-Hansean relations. The End of the 14th – early 16th centuries]. Leningrad: «Nauka» Publ., 1975. 359 p. (in Russian.)

    Keenan, Edward. Muscovy and Kazan: Some introdactory remarks on the Patterns of Steppe Diplomacy, in Slavic Review. 1967. Vol. 26. Pp. 548–558.

    Khoroshkevich, Anna Leonidovna. Rossiia v sisteme mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii serediny XVI veka [Russian in the system of international relations in the middle of the 16th century]. Moscow: «Drevlekhranilishche» Publ., 2003. 622 p. (in Russian.)

    Kirby, David. Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World. 1492–1772. London; New York: “Longman”, 1990. 443 p.

    Kirchner, Walther. The rise of the Baltic question. Second edition. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1970. 283 p.

    Kirpichnikov, Anatoliy Nikolaevich. Kreposti bastionnogo tipa v srednevekovoi Rossii [Strongholds of bastion type in Medieval Russia], in Pamiatniki kul’tury. Novye otkrytiia. Ezhegodnik 1978 g. Leningrad, 1979. Pp. 471–499. (in Russian.)

    Koneczny, Feliks. Walter von Plettenberg landmistrz inflancki wobec Zakonu, Litwy i Moskwy, 1500–1525 [Walter Plettenberg, Livonian Grand Master, and Teutonic Order, Lithuania and Moscow, 1500–1525]. Kraków: nakładem Akademii Umiejętności Publ., 1891. 76 p. (in Polish.)

    Korolyuk, Vladimir Dorofeevich. Livonskaya voina: Iz istorii vneshnei politiki Russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva vo vtoroi polovine XVI v. [Livonian War: From the history of the foreign policy of Russian centralized state in the second half of the 16th century]. Moscow: Akademii nauk SSSR Publ., 1954. 114 p. (in Rissian.)

    Kostomarov, Nikolay Ivanovich. Livonskaya voina, in Kostomarov, Nikolay Ivanovich. Istoricheskiye monografii i issledovaniya [Historical monographs and researches]. Saint-Petersburg; Moscow: Tip. tovarishchestva «Obshchestvennaya pol’za» Publ., 1880. T. III. P. 45–181 (in Russian.)

    Krom, Mikhail Markovich. Mezh Rus’yu i Litvoy. Zapadnorusskie zemli v sisteme russko-litovskikh otnosheniy kontsa XV – pervoy treti XVI v. [Between Russia and Lithuania. Land of Western Rus’ in the system of Russian-lithuainan relations in the end of 15th – the first third of the 16th centuires]. Moscow: «Arkheograficheskii tsentr» Publ., 1995. 292 p. (in Russian.)

    Lenz, Wilhelm. Auswärtige Politik des livländischen Ordensmeisters Walter von Plettenberg bis 1510[Foreign Policy of the Master of Livonian order Walter Plettenberg up to 1510]. Riga: E. Plates Druckerei und Verlagsaktien-Ges. Publ., 1928. 94 p. (in German.)

    Lepszy, Kazimierz. Dzieje Floty Polskiej [History of Polish Navy]. Gdańsk; Bydgoszcz; Szczecin: Instytut Bałtycki Publ., 1947. 351 p. (in Polish.)

    Lesmaitis, Gedeminas. LDK samdomoji kariuomenė XV a. pabaigoje – XVI a. antrojoje pusėje [Mercenaries in the army of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the end of 15th – second half of 16th centuires]. Vilnius: Baltos lankos Publ., 2010. 222 p. (in Lithuanian.)

    Maazing, Madis. «Russkaya opasnost’» v pis’makh rizhskogo arkhiepiskopa Vil’gel’ma [The “Russian Threat” in the letters of Riga’s archbishop Wilhelm in 1530–1550], in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2010. № 1. Pp. 184–194. (in Russian.)

    Natanson-Leski, Jan. Epoka Stephana Batoriego w dzieach granicy wschodniej Rzeczypospolitej [The Epoch of Stephan Bathory in the history of Eastern birder of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]. Warszawa: Nakł. Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego Publ., 1930. 166 p. (in Polish.)

    Niedzielski, Kazimierz. Batory i car Iwan w zapasach o Inflanty: (1579–1581). [Bathory and Tsar Ivan in struggle for Livonia, 1579-1581]. Warszawa: I. Rzepecki Publ., 1916. 126 p. (in Polish.)

    Novodvorskiy, Vitol’d Vladislavovich. Bor’ba za Livoniyu mezhdu Moskvoy i Rech’yiu Pospolitoy 1570–1582 gg. Istoriko-kriticheskoe issledovaniye [Struggle for the Livonia between Russia and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1570–1582. Historical-critical studies]. Saint-Petersburg: Tipografiia I. I. Skorokhodova Publ., 1904. 304+49 p. (in Russian.)

    Osterrieder, Markus. Das wehrhafte Friedensreich: Bilder von Krieg und Frieden in Polen-Litauen (1505–1595) [The reinforced Kingdom of Peace: the Pattern of War and Peace in Polish-Lituanian thinking, 1505–1595]. Wiesbaden: Reichert Publ., 2005. 330 p. (in German.)

    Pelensky, Jaroslav. Russia and Kazan. Conquest and Imperial Ideology (1438–1560s). Hague: Mouton, 1974. 368 p.

    Poe, Marshall. The Consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: A Comparative Perspective, in Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1996. Vol. 38. No. 4. Pp. 603–618.

    Pritsak, Omeljan. Moscow, the Golden Horde and the Kazan khanate from a Polycultural point of View, in Slavic Review. 1967. Vol. 26. Pp. 577–583.

    Rasmussen, Knud. Die livländische Krise 1554–1561 [Livonian Crisis, 1554–1561]. København, Universitetsforlaget Publ., 1973. 243 p. (in German.)

    Renner, Ursula. Herzog Magnus von Holstein als Vasall des Zaren Ivan Groznyj [Duke Magnus Holstein as a vassal of The Tsar Ivan the Terrible], in Angermann,Norbert (ed.). Deutschland ― Livland ― Rußland. Ihre Beziehungen vom 15. bis zum 17. Jahrhundert. Beiträge aus dem Historischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg. Lüneburg: Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk Publ., 1988. Pp. 137–158. (in German.)

    Selin, Adrian Aleksandrovich. Novgorodskoe obshchestvo v epokhu Smuty [Novgorod society in the Time of Troubles]. Saint-Petersburg: Russko-Baltiiskii informatsionnyi tsentr «Blits» Publ., 2008. 747 p. (in Russian.)

    Teodorczyk, Jerzy. Polskie wojsko i sztuka wojenna pierwszej pólowy XVII w. [Polish army and warfare in the first half of the 17th century], in Studia i materialy do historii wojskowosci. 1976. T. XX. Pp. 291–317. (in Polish.)

    Tersmeden, Lars. Organizacia bojowych i administracyjnych jednostek szwedskich i rozwój taktyki walki w XVII wieku [Organization of the military and administrative Sweden units and military tactics in the 17th century], in Studia i materialy do historii wojskowosci. 1976. T. XX. Pp. 318–354 (in Polish.)

    Tiberg, Erik. Moscow, Livonia and the Hanseatic League: 1487–1550 [Moscow, Livonia and Hansa in 1487–1550]. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International Publ., 1995. 290 p. (in German.)

    Tiberg, Erik. Zur Vorgeschichte des Livländischen Krieges: Die Beziehungen zwischen Moskau und Litauen 1549–1562 [Background of the Livonian War. Russian-Lithuanian relations in 1549–1562]. Uppsala: Academia Ubsaliensis Publ., 1984. 266 p. (in German.)

    Tyla, Antanas. Lietuva ir Livonia: XVI a. pabaigoje – XVII a. pradžioje [Lithuania and Livonia un the end of 16th – early 17th centuries]. Vilnius: Mokslas Publ., 1986. 219 p. (in Lithuanian.)

    Urban, William. The Livonian Crusade. Washington: University Press of America, 1981. 562 p.

    Vasil’ev, Mikhail Efimovich. Iz istorii zemli Pskovskoi (issledovaniia, poiski, nakhodki) [From the history of Pskov Land (researches, searches, results)]. Moscow; Pushkinskie gory: Muzei-zapovednik «Pushkinskie gory» Publ., 2003. 206 p. (in Russian.)

    Vinogradov, Aleksandr Vadimovich. Vneshnyaya politika Ivana IV Groznogo [Foreign Policy of Ivan the Terrible], in Sanin, Gennadii (ed.). Istoriya vneshney politiki Rossii. Konets XV–XVII vek. Moscow: «Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya» Publ., 1999. Pp. 134–246. (in Rissian.)

    Volkov, Vladimir Alekseevich. Voyny i voyska Moskovskogo gosudarstva [Wars and military forces of Muscovy]. Moscow: «Eksmo» Publ., 2004. 572 p. (in Russian.)

    Wimmer, Elke. Die Russlandpolitik Wolters von Plettenberg [Russian Policy of Walter Plettenberg], in Angermann, Norbert (ed.). Wolter von Plettenberg: der grösste Ordensmeister Livlands. Lüneburg: Verlag Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk Publ., 1985. Pp. 71–89. (in German.)

    Wimmer, Jan. Wojsko i skarb Rzeczy Pospolitej u schyłku XVI i w pierwszej pоlowy XVII w. [Military forces and equipment of the army of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half of the 17th century], in Studia i materialy do historii wojskowosci. 1968. T. XIV. Vol. I. Pp. 4–91. (in Polish.)

    Zimin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. V kanun groznykh potryaseniy: Predposylki pervoy Krestyanskoy voyny v Rossii [Before the terrible shocks: Premises of the First War of Peasants in Russia]. Moscow: «Mysl’» Publ., 1986. 331 p. (in Russian.)

 

Tags: Ivan the Terrible, military revolution, Baltic wars, COMMENTARII / ARTICLES, FILYUSHKIN A. I.