For citation: Bocharova, Zoya Sergeevna. Legal status of Russian refugees in Bulgaria in the 1920s – early 1930s, in Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana. 2023. № 2. Pp. 156-176. DOI https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2023.112
Title of the article | Legal status of Russian refugees in Bulgaria in the 1920s – early 1930s | ||||||||
Authors |
Bocharova, Zoya Sergeevna — Dr. Sc. in History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Orc ID 0000-0002-1739-1197, Scopus ID 57211602171, Researcher ID AAF-7445-2019, SPIN-code 8046-9713, Author ID 279590; e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. |
||||||||
In the section | Miscellanea / Miscellanea | ||||||||
Year | 2023 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 156-176 | ||||
Type of article | RAR | Index UDK; BBK | UDK 325.2; ББК 63.3(2)6 | Index DOI | https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2023.112 | ||||
Abstract | The position of Russian refuges in the 1920s in Bulgaria is analyzed in the article drawing on a large factual material. The reasons for the country’s policy of «open doors», the numerical dynamics of emigrants, the peculiarities of their social composition and adaptation are revealed. It is shown that the legal status of Russians was regulated at the national level, taking into account the interests of emigration in Bulgaria and the situation in other countries, as well as in close connection with the decisions of the League of Nations. Gradually, a unified legal context of refugee existence was created. The Russian diplomatic mission headed by A. M. Petryaev, who since 1923 handed over his duties to the former adviser of the Russian Embassy in Bulgaria S. G. Bogoyavlensky, the Committee on Russian Refugees in Bulgaria, the representation of the High Commissioner for Refugees in Bulgaria, provided institutional assistance. The relationship between various institutions and personalities in solving the refugee issue is revealed. The legal status of Russians is examined from the standpoint of structural integration: inclusion in the host society through the national labor market, taxation, social sphere, realization of inheritance rights, access to the court, through the structures of the Russian Orthodox Church, the institution of citizenship. Russian refugees in Bulgaria formally obeyed the general laws on foreigners on an equal basis with other foreigners. There was no special law regulating the rights of Russians, but they were in a different position compared to other foreigners because of the number of legislative and administrative reservations. The special attitude towards the veterans of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878 was characteristic: they were granted the right to a lifetime monthly allowance. The role of Nansen passports, established for Russians, and the difficulties of their application by ordinary migrants are revealed. It is concluded that the economic crisis of the late 1920s — early 1930s stimulated the integration of Russians due to the activation of naturalization. The confessional and linguistic affinity of the peoples played a role. | ||||||||
Keywords | Russian emigration, refugees, legal status, Nansen passports, S. G. Bogoyavlensky, B. S. Serafimov, League of Nations | ||||||||
Full text version of the article | Article language | Russian | |||||||
Bibliography |
Alekseyeva, Yelena Viktorovna. «Obshchestvo yedineniya russkikh v BolgariI» (1920–1924 gg.) [«Russian Unity Society in Bulgaria» (1920–1924)], in Novyy istoricheskiy vestnik [New historical bulletin]. 2001. No. 3. P. 58–66. (in Russian). Birman, Mikhail Abramovich; Goryainov, Andrey Nikolayevich. Rossiyskiye intellektualy-emigranty v Bolgarii 1920–1930-kh godov [Russian emigrant intellectuals in Bulgaria in the 1920s and 1930s], in Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya [Modern and contemporary history]. 2002. No. 1. Pp. 173–193. (in Russian). Bocharova, Zoya Sergeyevna. «…Ne prinyavshiy inogo poddanstva»: problemy sotsialno-pravovoy adaptatsii rossiyskoy emigratsii v 1920–1930-e gody [«...who did not accept other citizenship»: Problems of social and legal adaptation of Russian emigration in the 1920s – 1930s.]. Saint Peterburg: Nestor Publ., 2005. 250 p. (in Russian). Chernyavskiy Georgiy Iosifovich, Daskalov Doncho. Sudby russkoy emigratsii v Bolgarii [The fate of Russian emigration in Bulgaria], in Istoriya SSSR [History of the USSR]. 1961. No. 1. Pp. 109–117. (in Russian). Gogachev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich. Deyatelnost mezhdunarodnykh i bolgarskikh pravitelstvennykh i gumanitarnykh organizatsiy po obustroystvu rossiyskikh emigrantov v Bolgarii v 1920-e gg. [Activities of international and Bulgarian governmental and humanitarian organizations for the settlement of Russian emigrants in Bulgaria in the 1920s.], in Vlast [Authority]. 2011. No. 8. Pp. 62–64. (in Russian). Goryainov, Andrey Nikolayevich. Uchebnyye zavedeniya russkoy emigratsii v Bolgarii (20–30-e gody) [Educational institutions of Russian emigration in Bulgaria (20–30s)], in Slavyanskiy almanakh [Slavic almanac]. 1998. No. 1997. Pp. 182–195. (in Russian). Gusev, Nikita Sergeyevich. Mitrofan Ivanovich Retivov: russkiy vrach-emigrant o zhizni bolgarskogo sela v 1920-e gg. [Mitrofan Ivanovich Retivov: Russian emigrant doctor about the life of a Bulgarian village in the 1920s.], in Slavyanskiy almanakh [Slavic almanac]. 2021. No. 1–2. Pp. 60–77. DOI 10.31168/2073- 5731.2021.1-2.1.04 (in Russian). Daskalov, Doncho. Byalata yemigratsiya v Blgariya [White emigration to Bulgaria]. Sofia: Universitetskoye izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment OkhridskI» Publ., 1997. 182 p. (in Bulgarian). Daskalov, Donco. Sofia: die russischen Flüchtlinge in Bulgarien [Sofia: the Russian refugees in Bulgaria], in Der grosse Exodus. Die russische Emigration und ihre Zentren 1917 bis 1941. München: C. H. Beck, cop. Publ., 1994. Pp. 64–85. (in German). Kanazirska, Margarita. Posle Rossii: k probleme kultury rossiyskoy emigratsii v Bolgarii (1920–1940). [After Russia: On the problem of the culture of Russian emigration in Bulgaria (1920–1940)]. Veliko Tyrnovo: Velikotyrnovskiy universitet imeni sv. Kirilla i sv. Mefodiya Publ., 2013. 600 p. (in Russian). Khmyrov, Denis Vladimirovich. O prityazaniyakh sovetskoy vlasti na tserkvi pri rossiyskikh posolstvakh (na primere tserkvi svt. Nikolaya Chudotvortsa v Sofii, 1934 g.) [About the claims of the Soviet government to the churches at the Russian embassies (on the example of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Sofia, 1934)], in Khristianskoye chteniye. [Christian reading] 2023. No. 1. P. 333–344. DOI 10.47132/1814- 5574_2023_1_333 (in Russian). Khrisanfov, Valentin Ivanovich; Turygina, Natalya Valeryevna. Russkaya diaspora v Bolgarii: problemy ucheta migrantov mezhvoyennogo perioda [The Russian Diaspora in Bulgaria: Issues of Migration Registration in the Interwar Period], in Quaestio Rossica. 2020.Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 283–294. DOI 10.15826/ qr.2020.1.462. (in Russian). Kosik, Viktor Ivanovich. Russkiye izgnanniki v Bolgarii v 1920–1950-kh godakh [Russian exiles in Bulgaria in the 1920s and 1950s], in Vestnik PSTGU. Seriya 2: Istoriya. Istoriya RPTS [Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University. Series 2. History. History of the Russian Orthodox Church]. 2007. No. 22. Pp. 21–39. (in Russian). Kosik, Viktor Ivanovich. Sofii russkiy ugolok : ocherki so stikhami o russkikh, pokinuvshikh Rossiyu posle oktyabrskoy revolyutsii 1917 goda i posledovavshey za ney grazhdanskoy voyny [Russian Corner of Sofia: Essays with poems about Russians who left Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 and the civil War that followed it]. Moscow: Probel-2000 Publ., 2008. 234 p. (in Russian). Kostryukov, Andrey Aleksandrovich. Svyatitel Serafim (Sobolev) i «delo knyazya Lobanova-Rostovskogo» [St. Seraphim (Sobolev) and «the case of Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky»], in Vestnik PSTGU. Seriya 2: Istoriya. Istoriya RPTS [Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University. Series 2. History. History of the Russian Orthodox Church]. 2018. No. 82. Pp. 107–134. (in Russian). Koseva, Tsvetana. Blgariya i ruskata yemigratsiya 20-te – 50-te godini na XX v. [Bulgaria and the Russian emigration of the 20–50s]. Sofia: Mezhdunarodniy tsentr po problemite na maltsinstvata i kulturnite vzaimodeystviya Publ., 2002. 591 p. (in Bulgarian). Keseva, Tsvetana. Bolgariya i russkaya emigratsiya 1920–1950-e gody [Bulgaria and Russian emigration in the 1920s – 1950s], Ed., transl. by Ye. V. Mikhaylov. Moscow: Biblioteka-fond «Russkoye Zarubezhye»; Russkiy put’ Publ., 2008. 310 p. (in Russian). Koseva, Tsvetana. Russkiye emigrantskiye organizatsii v Bolgarii [Russian Russian emigrant organizations in Bulgaria], in Russkiye v Bolgarii [Russians in Bulgaria]. Sofia: Soyuz russkih invalidov; Russkiy fond miloserdiya i kultury Publ., 1999. Pp. 45–64. (in Russian). Koseva, Tsvetana. Istoriya beloy emigratsii v Bolgarii. 1919–1950 gg. [The history of white emigration in Bulgaria. 1919-1950], in Novyy zhurnal [New magazine]. 2007. No. 247. Pp. 213–228. (in Russian). Koseva, Tsvetana. Pravovoye polozheniye i adaptatsiya russkikh bezhentsev v Bolgarii (20–40-e gody XX veka) [Legal status and adaptation of Russian refugees in Bulgaria (20–40s of the twentieth century)], in Pravovoye polozheniye rossiyskoy emigratsii v 1920–1930-e gody [Legal Status of Russian Emigration in the 1920s – 1930s]. Saint Peterburg: Sudarynya Publ., 2006. Pp. 160–182. (in Russian). Kozodoy, Viktor Ivanovich. Belyy revansh v strane alykh roz. Aleksandr Guchkov i gosudarstvennyy perevorot 9 iyunya 1923 goda v Bolgarii [White revenge in the land of scarlet roses. Alexander Guchkov and the coup d’etat of June 9, 1923 in Bulgaria]. Novosibirsk: SGUGIT Publ., 2019. 336 p. (in Russian). Lunin, Aleksandr. Ruskata yemigratsiya i vzaimootnosheniyata i s blgarskite drzhavni i obshchestveni institutsii [Russian emigration and relations with Bulgarian state and public institutions], in Byalata yemigratsiya v Blgarii. Materiali ot nauchna konferentsiya Sofiya, 23 i 24 sentyabrya 1999 g. [White emigration to Bulgaria. Materials of a scientific conference Sofia, September 23 and 24, 1999.]. Sofia: Institut po istoriya Blgarska akademiya na naukite Publ., 2001. Pp. 38–50. (in Bulgarian). Mangachev, Petko Ivanov. Dokumentalna istoriya na ruskite bezhantsi v Blgariya (1919 g.–1944 g.) [Documentary history of Russian refugees in Bulgaria (1919–1944)]. Sofia: Kolbis Publ., 2015. 2 vols. Vol. 1. 248 p.; Vol. 2. 199 p. (in Bulgarian). Mikhneva, Rumyana; Grozev, Konstantin; Rupcheva, Ganka. «Malkata Rusiya» na zhltite paveta [The «Little Russia» of the yellow paving stones]. Sofia: Kameya Grup YEOOD Publ., 2016. 246 p. (in Bulgarian). Moroshkin, Vladimir Aleksandrovich. Emigratsiya naseleniya iz Rossii v Bolgariyu v 1919–1924 gg. [Emigration of the population from Russia to Bulgaria in 1919–1924.], in Vlast [Authority]. 2013. No. 4. Pp. 168–170. (in Russian). Panayotov, Panayot Iliev. Russkite yemigranti v Blgariya i dvizheniyeto sred tyakh za vrshchane v Svetska Rusiya (1920–1923 gg.) [Russian emigrants to Bulgaria and the movement among them to return to Soviet Russia (1920–1923)], in Istoricheski pregled [Historical review]. 1963. No. 5. Pp. 34–61. (in Bulgarian). Panajotov, Panajot Iliev. Blgaro-svetski otnosheniya i vrzki 1917–1923 [Bulgarian-Soviet relations and ties 1917–1923]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo, 1982. 292 s. (in Bulgarian). Parkhomenko, Tatyana Aleksandrovna. Russkaya aktsiya v Bolgarii [Russian action in Bulgaria], in Sotsialno-ekonomicheskaya adaptatsiya rossiyskikh emigrantov (konets XIX–XX v.) [Socio-economic adaptation of Russian emigrants (late 19th – 20th century)]. Moscow: IRI RAN Publ., 1999. Pp. 202–211. (in Russian). Peykovska, Penka Ivanova. Bulgaria on the Move. Migration, Refugees, Integration, and Urbanisation in the 1910s–1930s. Sofia: Institute for Historical studies — Bulgarian academy of sciences, 2022. 233 p. Peykovska, Penka Ivanova. Demografski aspekti na migraciite v Blgariya 1912–1944 g. [Demographic aspects of migrations in Bulgaria 1912–1944]. Sofia: Institut za istoricheski izsledvaniya pri BAN, 2019. 350 s. (in Bulgarian). Peykovska, Penka Ivanova. Russkaya intelligentsiya v Bolgarii v 20-e gody XX v.: sotsialno-professionalnaya struktura [Russian intelligentsia in Bulgaria in the 20s of the XX century: socio-professional structure], in Istoricheskaya bolgaristika (K 100-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora L. B. Valeva). Sb. statey [Historical Bulgarian studies (To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor L. B. Valev): collection of articles]. Ed. by Ye. L. Valeva, T. V. Volokitina. Moscow: Institut slavyanovedeniya RAN Publ., 2016. Pp. 270–284. (in Russian). Russkoye zarubezhye v Bolgarii: istoriya i sovremennost [Russian Abroad in Bulgaria: History and modernity]. Compl. by S. A. Rozhkov. Sofia: Russkiy akademicheskiy soyuz v Bolgarii Publ., 2009. 318 p. (in Russian). Sedova, Yelena Yevgenyevna. Russkaya shkola v Bolgarii kak faktor samosokhraneniya detey emigratsii [Russian school in Bulgaria as a factor of self-preservation of children of emigration], in Izvestiya Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta [Proceedings of the Voronezh State Pedagogical University]. 2013. No. 1. Pp. 116–122. (in Russian). Shevchenko, Valeriy Anatolyevich. K. I. Ivanov i reorganizatsiya russkogo uchebnogo dela v Bolgarii v 1920–1930-e gody [K. I. Ivanov and the reorganization of Russian educational affairs in Bulgaria in the 1920s – 1930s], in Slavyanskiy mir v tretyem tysyacheletii [Slavic world in the third millennium]. 2017. No. 12. Pp. 326–337. (in Russian). Shkarovskiy, Mikhail Vitalyevich. Russkaya tserkovnaya emigratsiya v Bolgarii v 1920-e gg [The Russian ecclesiastical emigration in Bulgaria in the 1920s], in Tserkovno-istoricheskiy almanakh «KHRONOS» [Church-historical almanac «CHRONOS»]. 2017. No. 5. P. 44–82. (in Russian). Shkarovskiy, Mikhail Vitalyevich. Sluzheniye protopresvitera Georgiya Shavelskogo v Bolgarii [The activities of Protopresbyter George Shavelsky in Bulgaria], in Yezhegodnik Doma russkogo zarubezhya imeni Aleksandra Solzhenitsyna [Yearbook of the House of Russian emigrants named after Alexander Solzhenitsyn]. 2018. No. 8. Pp. 152–162. (in Russian). Solntseva-Nakova, Yekaterina. Deyatelnost russkikh emigrantskikh organizatsiy v Bolgarii v kontse 1920-kh – seredine 30-kh gg. [The activity of Russian emigrant organizations in Bulgaria in the late 1920s – mid-30s.], in Russkoye zarubezhye i slavyanskiy mir = Ruska diјaspora i slovenski svet: sbornik trudov [Russian diaspora and the Slavic world: Collection of works]. Compl. by Petr Bunyak. Belgrad: Slavisticheskoye o-vo Serbii Publ., 2013. Pp. 117–120. (in Russian). Spasov, Lyudmil Jordanov. Blgariya i SSSR. 1917–1944 g. (politiko-diplomaticheskie otnosheniya) [Bulgaria and the USSR. 1917–1944 (political and diplomatic relations)]. Veliko Trnovo: Faber Publ., 2008. 550 s. Spasov, Lyudmil. Jordanov. Vrangelovata armiya v Blgariya 1919–1923 g. [The Wrangel Army in Bulgaria 1919–1923]. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment OkhridskI» Publ., 1999. 243 p. Tempest, Richard. Strana rodstvennykh umov: Russkiye emigranty v Bolgarii. Pervyye poslerevolyutsionnyye gody [The country of kindred minds: Russian emigrants in Bulgaria. The first post-revolutionary years], in Filosoficheskiye pisma. Russko-evropeyskiy dialog [Philosophical letters. Russian-European dialogue]. 2020. Vol. 3. No. 4. Pp. 113–123. DOI: 10.17323/2658-5413-2020-3-4-113-123 (in Russian). Yovanovich, Miroslav. Russkaya emigratsiya na Balkanakh. 1920–1940 [Russian emigration in the Balkans. 1920–1940]. Transl. by A.Yu. Timofeyev. Moscow: Russkoye Zarubezhye; Russkiy Put’ Publ., 2005. 487 p. (in Russian). |
Tags: Russian emigration, MISCELLANEA / MISCELLANEA, Bulgariа, Communication, 20th century