Grala, Hieronim. "In der Tyrannen Hand": Russian colonization of Livonia in the second half of the 16th century. Plans and results

The Author emphasizes special features of colonization. This colonization had an exclusive typein the history of territorial expantion of Muscovy. In contrast to the conquests of Kazan and Astrakhan’ Khaganates the annexion of Livonia passed at the densely populated territory with many strongholds and castles, peopled by Christians.

The process of Livonian subjugation had been very hard. Several offices were in charge of admimistration of new territories at once: Razryadny Prikaz, Zemsky Prikaz, Gorodovoj Prikaz. The Russian immigrants to Livonia became the special problem. They had differing culture and traditions of behaviour. The «the apple of Sodom» brought the policy of discrimination of residential population. Germans and Letts supported king Stephan Bathory during the last years of Livonian War (for example ― the capture of Wenden in 1577). Toleration, which was promised to Livonians, had limited use, and was at variance with «Orthodoxy Rekonkista». Tsar’s administration in Livonia could not solve none key problems.

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